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John Donaldson and Black Baseball in Minnesota

By Steven R. Hoffbeck and Peter Gorton

"The problem of the twentieth century is the problem of the color line." – W.E.B. DuBois.1 For sixty years, professional baseball was as segregated as the Deep South. From 1887—when the unspoken national agreement prohibited African Americans from major league baseball—to 1947, when Jackie Robinson broke the color line, black ballplayers were shut out of the . . .

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