Jim Bluejacket

Jim Bluejacket was born William Lincoln Smith1 in Adair, Indian Territory (now Oklahoma) on July 8, 1887.2 He was the second of five children born to William F. Smith (born 1852), a farmer of Irish descent originally from Tennessee, and his wife, the former Lucy Daugherty (b. 1859), a Shawnee Indian born in Kansas.3 Young William grew up on reservation lands and was educated at the National Cherokee Male Seminary, an academically rigorous tribal school open to members of all tribes. There are various anecdotes, ranging from the improbable to the inane, regarding how he acquired the name Jim Bluejacket. Among other things, it has been published that Smith adopted the name Bluejacket while still at school in order to be accepted at play by Indian youth.4 Or that the name derived from the Navy uniform (bluejacket) that he wore to a baseball tryout.5 Or that he took the name Bluejacket early in his pro career because mail addressed to his common surname Smith never reached him as he traveled the country.6 To the published accounts, the writer would add that Chief Jim Blue Jacket fought alongside Tecumseh at the Battle of the Thames (1813), and that the name Blue Jacket was long revered among the Shawnee, often signifying a tribal chieftain. At this late date, it is unlikely that the origin of the William Lincoln Smith to Jim Bluejacket name change will ever be established with certainty. Suffice it to say that our subject played his baseball career as Bluejacket, not Smith.

Large (eventually 6’2½” and well over 200 lbs.) and athletic, Jim began playing baseball while still in school, but the mists of time handicap inerrant exposition of his early pro years. Contemporary news reports related that upon finishing his four years at tribal school, Bluejacket returned to the reservation and began farming, his father’s occupation.7 In February 1906, the young man who would become Jim Bluejacket enlisted in the United States military. He lasted a mere six weeks, mustered out honorably on eyesight disability grounds.8 Some sources assert that Bluejacket got his baseball start around 1907 with Bartlesville in the Class-D Oklahoma-Arkansas-Kansas League.9 Another report has Bluejacket beginning his playing days as a member of a travelling Indian team called the Kickapoos, before settling down to play with a semipro team in Pittsfield, Illinois.10 In 1909, however, the Jim Bluejacket trail finally becomes traceable. He spent that season pitching for the Keokuk (Iowa) Indians of the Class-D Central Association, going 14-12 in 257 innings for a third-place (80-57) club. The following year, Jim returned to Keokuk, but neither the club (67-70) nor Bluejacket (15-17) improved their performance over the previous campaign.

After getting off to a 4-4 start for Keokuk in 1911, Bluejacket was optioned to the Pekin (Illinois) Celestials of the Class-D Illinois-Missouri League. Here, his fortunes improved – both on and off the diamond. Professionally, Jim yielded barely one run per game in going 15-11 for his new club. Personally, he began courting Jennie Piro, the Pekin teenager who would become Mrs. Bluejacket the following year. Still in Pekin for 1912, Jim posted a 19-13 mark before being sold to the Bloomington (Illinois) Bloomers of the Class-B Three-I League in August. Five late-season wins there boosted his combined record to an eye-catching 24-16 in 359 1/3 innings, prompting the Los Angeles Angels of the Class-A Pacific Coast League to draft Bluejacket from the Bloomington roster. It appears, however, that Jim saw no action with the Angels before he was returned to Bloomington in early December.11 The year concluded with William L. Smith, aka Jim Bluejacket, and Jennie Piro tying the knot in Carthage, Missouri, on December 23, 1912. In time, the birth of sons Fred (1913) and James Louis (1918) completed the family.

Back in a Bloomington uniform for the 1913 season, Bluejacket turned in an excellent 23-13 record that attracted little notice; Sporting Life, an assiduous coverer of minor league baseball, did not publish his name even once during the year. Nor did Bluejacket receive attention in the offseason. Even Federal League recruiters in search of the manpower needed to launch the circuit as a major league paid him no heed. That would change in the months to come, but for the time being, Bluejacket remained stuck in Bloomington. With age 27 coming into view, the big right-hander overpowered the Three-I League, combining a newly developed slow ball with his natural speed and good control to great effect. By the time a 12-game winning streak was halted,12 Bluejacket was under contract to the New York Giants and scheduled to report to manager John McGraw at the close of the Bloomington season on August 27.13 But shortly thereafter, it was discovered that Bluejacket had jumped his new Giants contract to sign with the Brooklyn Tip-Tops of the Federal League for better salary terms, plus a $1,000 signing bonus.14 In defense of the signing, Brooklyn owner Robert B. Ward, a principled man who had publicly foresworn the signing of any player under contract to another club, maintained that he possessed documentary proof that “Bluejacket had accepted our terms long before the Giants ever heard of him.”15 Given the priority of this commitment, Ward intended to keep him. Bluejacket would play for Brooklyn.

While both clubs consulted their lawyers, Jim Bluejacket made his major league debut against the Kansas City Packers on August 6, 1914. Unable to resist a matchup of “aborigines,” the clubs arranged for Bluejacket to face right-hander George “Chief” Johnson, a Winnebago Indian. Both men pitched well, with a two-run Brooklyn first inning providing the only scoring in the 2-0 outcome. Over seven innings – the game had been shortened by prearrangement so that the Packers could catch a train – Bluejacket scattered six hits, striking out three while walking only one. Jim pitched well again in his second outing against the St. Louis Terriers, the only concern being a ninth-inning liner back through the box that Bluejacket batted down with his pitching hand. Thereafter hampered by the resultant aching hand, Bluejacket’s pitching was not nearly as effective for the remainder of his maiden major-league season. But in the second game of a September 7 doubleheader against the Pittsburgh Stogies, Jim was able to put something else in his repertoire to good use: an exceptional pick-off move. Entering the game in the top of the ninth with enemy runners on base and Brooklyn down a run, Bluejacket immediately picked Steve Yerkes off first, retiring the side. He then adjourned to the bench as his teammates took their last at-bats. A two-run rally later and Jim Bluejacket was in the record books – the first major-league pitcher to receive credit for a victory without having thrown a pitch. In all, Bluejacket made a respectable start, going 4-5, with a 3.76 ERA in 17 games.

Although New York did not pursue threatened litigation, the Bluejacket controversy did not abate in the offseason. In November, various newspapers published reports alleging that Bluejacket had come to regret not honoring his Giants contract and that he was attempting to reconcile with the club.16 These reports drew a swift and unequivocal denial from the hurler himself. In a letter to sportswriter Henry Lipman published in Sporting Life, Bluejacket expressed “disgust with the false stories printed in the newspapers,” denied any contact whatever with the Giants, and proclaimed his loyalty to Brooklyn. He believed himself lucky to be on a team owned by men as “honest” and “courteous” as the Ward brothers, with his only regret being that “my work for them was not better.”17 With that settled, the controversy died.

The 1915 season saw the return of Bluejacket to the Tip-Tops, and the first publicized manifestation of the erratic behavior that would stunt his playing career. Expected to be a mainstay in manager Lee Magee’s rotation, Bluejacket was put on the sidelines by a leg sprain in an early season start against Buffalo, an injury that Bluejacket blamed on Magee’s’ “insistence that the pitcher change the angle of his delivery.”18 Bluejacket was given time off to allow the leg to heal, but when club management checked in on him, Bluejacket’s hotel room had been vacant for days. Neither his wife in Illinois nor the Smith family back in Oklahoma had had contact with the hurler, and he remained AWOL in parts unknown for six weeks.19 He finally returned to the club on June 15 – and was promptly restored to the pitching-strapped Brooklyn rotation by Magee, just as if he had never been gone.20 The remainder of the season proceeded uneventfully, as the Tip-Tops finished out a non-contending 70-82 season. Bluejacket’s work was about on par. He went 10-11, with a 3.15 ERA, but had been wild, surrendering 75 walks (as compared to only 48 strikeouts) in 162 2/3 innings pitched.

On October 18, 1915, the untimely death of Brooklyn owner Robert B. Ward dealt a catastrophic blow to the financially ailing Federal League. Soon thereafter, the circuit succumbed. These events, in turn, had a derivative effect on Jim Bluejacket’s fortunes. In addition to signing Jim to a major league baseball contract, Ward had taken a kindly personal interest in Bluejacket’s welfare, supplying the mechanically inclined hurler off-season employment repairing the Tip-Top bakery trucks.21 Now with his employer/benefactor gone, Jim would have to find work elsewhere. He attempted to mend fences with Giants manager McGraw.22 But however willing McGraw may have been to take a chance on Bluejacket, stiff-necked club president Harry Hempstead was having none of it. As he had vowed earlier, there would be no “deserters” wearing a Giants uniform.23 Given the surplus of pitching made available by the Federal League demise, the mediocrity of Bluejacket’s 1915 performance, and his growing reputation for unreliability, no other major league clubs offered Jim a contract, either. With Bluejacket thus “left out in the cold,” he was obliged to sign with Bloomington, his former minor league employer.24

The 1916 season would prove a tumultuous one for Bluejacket. He got off to a fine start, and his record stood at 11-4, with a 2.75 ERA in 132 innings pitched,25 when the pitching-poor Cincinnati Reds came to Bloomington to scout Bluejacket in early July. Unfortunately, Bluejacket was then on suspension, having just returned from a seven-day “spree” with fellow Bloomington hurler Dan Marion.26 The Reds signed Bluejacket anyway, conditionally.27 Without his having pitched in some 20 days, Bluejacket was handed the ball in the second game of a doubleheader against Brooklyn, but was driven from the mound early in a slugfest that the Reds eventually won. Two more ineffective appearances left the Bluejacket log at 0-1, with a 7.71 ERA in three games. He drew his release on July 20. Bluejacket’s stint with his second and final major league team had lasted two weeks. In a post-mortem on the Bluejacket tenure with the Reds, Sporting Life observed that “Cincinnati had picked up big Jim Bluejacket some days after he had fallen off the water wagon in [Bloomington, … and that] Cincinnati is a tough town to invite any guy with a thirst.”28

Although he would pitch professionally into the early 1920s, the big leagues career of 29-year-old Jim Bluejacket was now over. In parts of three seasons, he had posted a 14-17 record, with a 3.46 ERA in 236 2/3 innings pitched, striking out 78 while walking 97. Upon his release by the Reds, Bluejacket refused to return to Bloomington. His contract was therefore assigned, again on condition, to the Milwaukee Brewers of the Class-A American Association. After Jim had gone 1-2 in a “brief but stormy trial, the Brewers had no use for the redskin and shipped him back to Bloomington.”29 Bloomington, in turn, promptly dispatched Bluejacket to the Dallas Giants of the Class-B Texas League, where it was hoped that he would benefit from the supervision of manager Joe Gardner, a tough disciplinarian.30 Bluejacket pitched well in his no-decision Dallas debut, but was apparently set adrift at season’s end by the tail-end (61-84) Texas League club.

In March 1917, Bluejacket sought reinstatement with Bloomington. The Bloomers took him back, if only to sell Bluejacket, again on condition, to the Lincoln Links of the Class-A Western League. Bluejacket was shelled 7-0 by Denver in his Western League debut, and immediately returned to Bloomington. Thereafter, it appears that Bluejacket descended to the Central Association, the bottom-tier minor league where he had gotten his professional start, pitching briefly for the Clinton (Iowa) Pilots.31 But by mid-May, Jim was back in the Three-I League, on loan from Bloomington to the Alton (Illinois) Blues. He did not stay there long, abandoning Alton within days of his arrival to join the Nebraska Indians, an itinerant semipro nine. Reaction to his departure was adverse, with one local newspaper sneering that Bluejacket’s new situation would afford him the liberty to “indulge his inclination for absorbing brewery products.”32 A month later, Bluejacket returned home to Adair to register for the World War I draft under his birth name: William Lincoln Smith. Where, if anywhere, he pitched after that is unknown, as many professional leagues suspended play during the latter half of the 1917 season.

Bluejacket benefited from circumstances as roster-depleted professional baseball leagues struggled to launch a 1918 season. Soon to be 31 years old, with dependents and a prior discharge on disability grounds, Jim was unlikely to be called to military service. And he had major league pitching experience. All in all, he was an attractive prospect for many clubs, his erratic performance in seasons past notwithstanding. On 1918 Opening Day in the American Association, Bluejacket was on the mound for the Columbus Senators. He was released two appearances later, and then latched on back in the Western League, signing with the St. Joseph (Missouri) Saints.33 This time, he pitched effectively in that circuit, going 6-1 in spot starter/relief duty before the league suspended play on July 7. From there, Jim’s baseball engagements grew sporadic. He was briefly a member of the Western League Oklahoma City Indians in 1919. The following year, he pitched for Greybull (Wyoming) in the unrecognized Midwest League. Bluejacket returned to Greybull in 1921, after having had a short stint with the Enid (Oklahoma) Harvesters of the Class-D Western Association.34 It appears that Jim finished his professional career in 1922, punctuating another year on the mound for Greybull with a three-week posting with the Anaconda Anodes of the Montana Mining League.35 After that, he pitched some semipro ball in and around Greybull through 1925.36

Although the surviving evidence is largely circumstantial, it appears that as Bluejacket’s baseball days receded, the positive aspects of his persona came to the fore. Jim had always been intelligent and well spoken, and now he became increasingly more responsible, as well. A skilled welder, he traveled extensively in the employ of Standard Oil of Indiana. About 1929, he and his family relocated to Aruba, where he served as a Standard Oil foreman in the [then] largest oil refinery in the world. A large, amiable man with an outgoing personality, Jim did much to popularize baseball on the island. He spent innumerable hours of his off-work time teaching the game to local youth, and was instrumental in the construction of the Lago Sports Park in Oranjestad.37 Although it would take decades to flower, the seed for the Aruba baseball talent that began arriving in the major leagues late in the 1980s was planted by Jim Bluejacket.

Upon retiring from Standard Oil in 1944, Bluejacket returned to Greybull, where he was received warmly by those who remembered him from his local playing days of 20 years before.38 Sadly, within two years, his health began to fail. Suffering from hypertensive heart disease, Jim spent his final days in Pekin, Illinois, his wife’s hometown. He died there on March 26, 1947, the immediate cause of death being a gastric hemorrhage suffered a week earlier.39 Jim Bluejacket was 59. Following a Funeral Mass at St. Joseph’s Church in Pekin, he was laid to rest in the parish cemetery. Survivors included his wife Jennie, sons Fred and James, and his brothers Louis Smith and David Smith. Aside from a handsome headstone in St. Joseph’s Cemetery (where Jennie, who died in 1987, lies next to him), Jim Bluejacket Straat (street) in Oranjestad, Aruba commemorates his memory. Jim Bluejacket also has a living memorial: former pitcher Bill Wilkinson. When the Seattle Mariners reliever made his major league debut on June 13, 1985, he and Jim Bluejacket became the first great grandfather-great grandson duo in major-league history.

Sources

Sources for the biographical data presented herein include the Jim Bluejacket file with questionnaire maintained at the Giamatti Research Center, National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum, Cooperstown, New York: US Census and family data accessed via Ancestry.com; a brief portrait of Bluejacket posted on-line by an unidentified niece; a Jim Bluejacket biographical profile authored by Carole Hill Martin, accessible on-line via http://www.illinoisancestors.org/tazewell/Biographies-b.htm; and certain of the newspaper articles cited in the endnotes, particularly the Bluejacket obituaries published in the Pekin (Illinois) Times, March 26, 1947, and Greybull (Wyoming) Standard and Tribune, April 3, 1947. Unless otherwise specified, stats have been taken from Baseball-Reference.

Library of Congress, Bain Collection.

Notes

1 Although he appears in the 1900 US Census as William L. Smith, age 13 and living with his family in Adair, Indian Territory, our subject lived his adult life as Jim Bluejacket – except when dealing with officialdom. His 1912 Missouri marriage license application recorded his name as William L. Smith, and he himself filled out his World War I draft registration card as William Lincoln Smith. The oft-published notion that Bluejacket’s birth name was James Smith is erroneous.

2 The siblings of William Lincoln Smith/Jim Bluejacket were Hattie June Smith (born 1877), Lola Smith (1882), Louis E. Smith (1886), and David C. Smith (1901).

3 See “Indian Bluejacket Is a Deserter,” Sporting Life, August 8, 1914: 1. Sources have long been in conflict regarding whether our subject was of partial Cherokee or partial Shawnee blood. But circumstances suggest that his mother Lucy Daugherty Smith was Shawnee, among the so-called Loyal Shawnee expelled from Kansas and accepted into the Cherokee Nation in 1869.

4 According to the (Springfield) Illinois State Journal, April 2, 1947: 13.

5 This yarn is memorialized on Bluejacket’s TSN player contract card.

6 See the Bullpen section of the Baseball-Reference entry for Jim Bluejacket.

7 Per “Pitcher Bluejacket Is Genuine Indian,” Charleston (South Carolina) News and Courier, August 23, 1914: 6; “Jim Bluejacket, Indian Hurler,” Watertown (New York) Times, August 12, 1914: 6.

8 A playing rival claimed that Bluejacket had briefly been in the US Navy. See “Jim Bluejacket Smith of Federals Is Prized ‘Nut,’ Says Tiger Infielder,” New Orleans Times-Picayune, March 29, 1915: 10. But the posthumous player questionnaire completed by wife Jennie Bluejacket indicated that Jim had been in the Army. Moreover, the World War I draft registration card filled out by William Lincoln Smith (aka Jim Bluejacket) states that he was a recruit discharged on disability from Jefferson Barracks, a US Army installation near St. Louis.

9 Per “Jim Bluejacket Smith,” New Orleans Times-Picayune, March 29, 1915: 10. See also, the Bluejacket obituary in The Sporting News, April 9, 1947: 18.

10 See “Jim Bluejacket, Bloomer Pitcher, Not an Indian,” (Springfield) Illinois State Register, April 5, 1914: 21.

11 Per “News Items Gathered from All Quarters,” Sporting Life, November 30, 1912: 8, and “Farrell Facts,” Sporting Life, December 7, 1912: 12.

12 Baseball-Reference gives Bluejacket a 17-10 record for Bloomington in 1914, but years later a local newspaper put the Bluejacket record at 20-4. See Fred Young, “Bluejacket Would Stump Today’s Hitters – Syfert,” Bloomington (Illinois) Pantagraph, March 26, 1947.

13 As reported in “Giants Get Another Indian,” New Orleans Times-Picayune, July 25, 1914: 7; “Giants Purchase Bluejacket,” Philadelphia Inquirer, July 25, 1914: 10; and elsewhere. The terms of the two-year pact covered the 1915 and 1916 seasons at $1,800 per year.

14 Per William J. Granger, “Brooklyn Tip Tops,” Sporting Life, August 15, 1914: 13; “Tip-Tops Outbid Giants and Sign Jim Bluejacket,” Brooklyn Citizen, August 4, 1914: 4.

15 Per “‘Bluejacket Ours’ Insists Brookfeds,” Pawtucket (Rhode Island) Times, August 7, 1914: 14; “Can Have Bluejacket If Claim Is Proved,” Washington Times, August 7, 1914: 11.

16 See e.g., “Jim Bluejacket Repents Too Late,” New York Times, November 3, 1914: 12. See also, Harry Dix Cole, “New York Giants,” Sporting Life, November 14, 1914: 8.

17 Henry Lipman, “Lines from Lipman,” Sporting Life, November 21, 1914: 7.

18 Robert Peyton Wiggins, The Federal League of Base Ball Clubs: The History of an Outlaw Major League, 1914-1915 (Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland, 2009), 234.

19 As reported in Wm. J. Granger, “Brooklyn Budget,” Sporting Life, May 15, 1915: 13, and “Tip Top Topics,” Sporting Life, June 12, 1915: 12.

20 Per William T. McCollough, “The Pittsburgh Rebels,” Sporting Life, June 26, 1915: 7.

21 As reported in “M’Graw Absolutely Off Red-Skin Tribe,” Jackson (Michigan) Citizen Press, April 15, 1916: 11. See also, William J. Granger, “The Brooklyn Tip Tops,” Sporting Life, November 6, 1915: 3, and “Brooklyn Brief,” November 27, 1915: 6.

22 Per “Baseball Briefs,” Springfield (Massachusetts) Republican, February 1, 1916: 10.

23 See again, “Jim Bluejack Repents Too Late,” New York Times, November 3, 1914: 12.

24 As reported in “Jim Bluejacket Back in League,” (Davenport, Iowa) Times, March 21, 1916: 11; “Bloomington Signs Pitcher,” Rockford (Illinois) Register-Gazette, March 21, 1916: 2; and elsewhere.

25 Per the 1917 Reach Official American League Guide, 175. Baseball-Reference has only 1916 batting stats for Bluejacket in Bloomington.

26 See “Close Decisions,” Rockford (Illinois) Morning Star, July 7, 1916: 11. See also, “Suspends Jim Bluejacket,” Elkhart (Indiana) Review, July 7, 1916: 6: Bloomington manager Howard Darringer has suspended Bluejacket for “Disobeying rules,” and “Reds Pass Up J. Bluejacket,” Cincinnati Post, July 7, 1916: 10: “Jim failed to stick to the straight and narrow … and was under suspension for being out of condition.”

27 See “Federals Coming Back,” Baltimore Sun, July 7, 1916: 8; “Reds Buy Pitcher Bluejacket,” Washington Post, July 7, 1916: 8.

28 “Frost Bitten Hopes,” Sporting Life, July 29, 1916: 3.

29 Per “Bluejacket Goes Down,” New Britain (Connecticut) Herald, August 8, 1916: 8, and Washington (DC) Evening Star, August 8, 1916: 11.

30 As reported in “Sports by Sports,” Watertown Times, August 15, 1916: 8; “Bluejacket Lands with Joe Gardner at Dallas,” Omaha Bee, August 13, 1916: 27; and elsewhere.

31 Per “Bluejacket Grasshopper,” Muskegon (Michigan) Chronicle, May 18, 1917: 22.

32 “Close Decisions,” Rockford Morning Star, May 18, 1917: 9.

33 See “Bluejacket Released, Signs with St. Joseph,” Duluth (Minnesota) News-Tribune, June 16, 1918: 7.

34 For the Enid engagement, see “Jim Bluejacket Is Still Playing Game,” Rockford Register-Gazette, January 28, 1921: 15, and Larry Dailey, “Cleveland Lines Up Strong Team,” Tulsa (Oklahoma) World, January 11, 1921: 8; for Greybull, see “Midwest League Is All Ready for Season to Open Wednesday,” Denver Post, April 24, 1921: 12, and Frank Farley, “Greybull to Meet Broncos in First Clash Tomorrow,” (Denver) Rocky Mountain News, April 26, 1921: 10.

35 Per the Anaconda (Montana) Standard, September 8, 1922: 8, and September 10, 1922: 1.

36 According to the Greybull (Wyoming) Standard and Tribune, April 3, 1947.

37 Per an undated 1968 Pekin (Illinois) Times article incorporated into Carole Hill Martin’s profile of Jim Bluejacket.

38 As reflected in a 1944 Casper (Wyoming) Tribune Herald article attached to the Martin profile of Bluejacket.

39 Per the death certificate contained in the Jim Bluejacket file at the Giamatti Research Center.