Boston Beaneaters Spring Training in the 1890s

“Spring training is almost as old as baseball itself. The best evidence points to spring training first taking place in 1870, when the Cincinnati Red Stockings and the Chicago White Stockings held organized baseball camps in New Orleans. Other baseball historians argue that the Washington Capitals of the National League pioneered spring training in 1888, holding a four-day camp in Jacksonville. In either case, the roots of spring training history go deep, and the specific origins really don’t matter. By 1900, spring training was firmly established as a baseball ritual, with most American and National League teams heading out of town so players could train and managers could evaluate.”1

On March 24, 1890, the Boston Reds of the Players’ League played a game against the University of Virginia team in Charlottesville, winning by a score of 14-4 but at the same time achieving recognition for the new team. The National League and other clubs that were organized under the National Agreement had tried to squelch the upstart league. Indeed, wrote Tim Murnane in the Boston Globe, those clubs had “tried to intimidate the collegians here into not playing with the brotherhood clubs.” The manager of the university team said, “We will allow no one to dictate to us as to who we shall play.”2  

The Boston team had arrived from Richmond at 2:00 P.M., changed into their uniforms at the hotel, and played before 1,800 spectators. They had been working out in Richmond for about a week beforehand.3 The crowd was said to be “the largest crowd ever gathered to witness a ball game.”4

Back in Richmond, the Reds played a game on April 1 against the New York club of the Players’ League (also named the New York Giants), winning 12-1 before 1,500. Both teams left for New York at 7:13 that evening, bound for separate destinations in Massachusetts, New York to play in Holyoke and Boston to play in Worcester.5

Frank Selee’s Beaneaters stayed close to home, though the February 16 Boston Herald wrote, “Manager Selee will arrange more games for this vicinity in the spring than usual.”6 The first eight of the team to report gathered at the YMCA on March 18, planning to start practice in the gymnasium of the Y. on the 19th.7 The league schedule was released a few days later. The team held a practice game in Boston on April 1, playing at the South End Grounds against the Boston Athletic Club. It was their first game of the year.8

On Fast Day, the Players’ League team and the National League team both played in Boston, with the Players’ League team outdrawing the NL team.9 Selee ascribed that to curiosity, and a special appeal being made to laboring men to support the Players’ League, but didn’t expect there to be any true threat to National League dominance.10 Selee’s men made preseason appearances in Washington and Baltimore, prepared to play, but rain prevented playing actual games.

1891

Selee was manager of the Beaneaters for the full decade of the 1890s. The team had finished in fifth place in 1890. In this year, 1891, they finished first.

He arranged preseason games against Baltimore on March 28, 30, and 31. The Daily Inter Ocean of Chicago added, “It is probable that the Boston league team will go someplace in the vicinity of Richmond, Va., around March 20, and indulge in two weeks’ outdoor practice before the Fast day games.”11

There was, however, no Southern trip. As the Boston Journal reported, “The League team will not go South, as originally intended, but will take its practice at home, playing local clubs until the opening of the regular season. With good weather the club can get as much practice here as in the South, and the Southern trip would be a losing one financially in any event. Manager Frrank Selee is strong in his belief that the club is a winning one, and is hopeful of the best of results.”12 He may have forfeited a $300 deposit paid to secure a signed contract with the manager of the University of Virginia team.13

Selee arranged to play three games against Harvard, two of them at the South End Grounds, after Fast Day and before the start of the season.14 On Fast Day itself, April 2, the Bostons hosted the 1890 champion Brooklyns for a 2:00 P.M. game. Selee’s Beaneaters had worked out the day before at their home park. The first game against Harvard was on April 4; the next two four were on April 8, 10, 13, and 15.

Other games arranged in the spring were to be against the John F. Morrills on April 6, with games on the 11th in Fitchburg, the 14th in Portland, the 16th in Meriden, the 17th and 18th at New Haven, the 20th at Lynn, and the 21st at Worcester.15

1892

In 1892 the Beaneaters trained in the South, with the arrangements being announced on February 10. The plan was for all to meet in Boston on March 21 and train in Charlottesville until April 1. They planned to play against the University of Virginia nine every day. On April 2, they were to play New York at Richmond, followed by games against Waterbury on April 4, against Yale at New Haven on April 6 and 7, against Brown at Providence on April 8 and 9, and against Princeton on April 11. Of the plan to go South and play games, the Boston Globe said, “The management has acted wisely in sending their great team to a place where the boys can work off the superfluous flesh gained by several months’ rest.”16Manager Selee had reportedly been courted with offers from a number of communities from as far away as Florida. Some of the men had been with the 1890 Players’ League team during their visit to Charlottesville.

Six left Boston on the New York & New England Railroad at 3:00 P.M. on March 22. Others came to Charlottesville from other locations. A number of conversations among the players and ownership before the train left Boston were recounted in the March 23 Globe.17 They played their first practice game against the University of Virginia on March 24. The park in which they played was a mile and a half from their quarters, and with morning and afternoon practices or scrimmage games, that meant six miles of walking for the men. A number of the players took a roundabout route that gave them an extra five miles of walking. The Boston Herald correspondent wrote, “Manager Selee is delighted by the spirit shown by his men in this preliminary work. He says he never saw men so anxious to get right down to fighting trim. He firmly believes in the efficacy of outdoor work, and is supported in the view by his men. Not a member of the Boston team believes in gymnasium work. It is far more dangerous and risky to the limbs than outdoor practice.”18

Some of the games were lopsided, of course, such as the 20-3 drubbing given the university team on March 29. Nash had three home runs in the game. In 1892, the Beaneaters finished in first place again.

1893

In 1893 Selee started later. Players were ordered to report to the South End Grounds at 10:00 A.M. on April 1. They started outdoor practice at once, and on April 5 planned to play Brown University at Providence, with the same two teams coming to Boston for the Fast Day game on April 6. On April 7 and 8, Boston was to play at New Haven and on April 10 at Bridgeport. It was Hartford on April 11, Princeton on April 12, and at Petersburg, Virginia, on April 12 and 13. Richmond was April 15, and then the Bostons would remain at Charlottesville from April 16 through the 26th.19 The schedule had not yet been formalized, and the time in Charlottesville might have been shortened, but indeed the first championship game was held in New York on April 28.

As it happened, snow prevented the two games against Brown from being played. On a chilly April 10, the game against Yale was held, with around 1,000 spectators, Boston winning, 8-5.20 The game at Richmond was deemed a “farce,” with Boston scoring 10 runs in the first inning against the city league champion team of Richmond, which played so “wretchedly” that playing against them provided little in the way of helpful competition.21

Boston won 86 regular-season games and lost exactly half as many (43); they finished first in the standings for the third year in a row.

1894

In 1894 the players were asked to report to the South End Grounds on April 2. The first preseason game was set for the very next day, in Providence.22 “Not a player who showed up was fat or out of condition,” wrote the Globe, “and manager Selee will not need the patent steam tubs of Arthur Irwin’s.”23 Hugh Duffy’s wife had died due to illness, almost on the eve of reporting. And weather in the Northeast was a hindrance; on April 3, it was simply “too cold” to practice outside.24 The April 6 game against Yale was played in bitterly cold conditions and ended in a row, with the umpire declaring New Haven had won, 5-3, due to interference on the part of Boston captain Billy Nash, while Boston argued it had been a 5-5 tie when play was suspended due to the argument.25

It was said that by forgoing some degree of practice in the South in 1894, the team might have put itself at a disadvantage, the New England weather being unconducive.26 They won in Waterbury, 13-0, on April 10. After the team arrived in New York, two games next planned for Princeton were canceled due to weather. Most of the players wanted to head back to Charlottesville to get in a week’s work, but Selee said he had games scheduled for Brockton and Fall River, and then Springfield, and he couldn’t get out of the obligations.27 Though “too chilly for good ball playing,” they got in the game against Springfield, winning 15-6.28

In championship play, Baltimore finished first, with the New York Giants second. Boston placed third, eight games back.

1895

There was no hesitation in 1895. The team was ordered to report much earlier, in New York on March 16, and to travel from there to Charleston, South Carolina, for spring training.29 It was actually in Columbia that they were based, and they played their first game against a local team on March 19. There was a game planned for March 20 against Washington but it was rained out. On March 21, in Charleston, Boston beat the Washington ballclub, 8-4. A number of the players went to tour Fort Sumter. On the 26th they played in Savannah and, although Washington scored six runs in the first inning, Boston scored five – and put the game away with 12 runs in the fifth inning. On March 28 Selee’s men played an intrasquad game, Colts vs. Regulars, on the grounds of Converse College in Spartanburg with women comprising most of the audience.30 The weather had been good enough, but the trip had still placed them in some less than desirable circumstances. In general, it was felt that “the hotels are execrable.”31

On March 29 they had to lend five players to the local team in Greenville, but they got in a game, winning narrowly, 6-5. When they arrived in Charlotte, North Carolina, on March 31, they were greeted by 300 people at the depot, and another large crowd met them at their hotel. It was the fields of play that were subpar.

Selee summed up the Southern trip to date: “I am perfectly satisfied with the work done by the team thus far and with the exception of a few lame arms the team is doing nicely. There are only one or two men overweight and should the good weather continue, the team will surely be able to do themselves justice at the end of the week. I am glad to know that we have at least reached a place where my men can do some field work. Every city we have visited thus far has had poor accommodations for grounds, and the players were afraid of doing themselves more harm than good, but I know they have worked faithfully and I must say they are in excellent condition, all things considered.”32

On April 1 some 1,200 people turned out. The Charlotte field was the best to date, and they beat the University of North Carolina, 17-3. The next day’s game, against the local Charlotte team, was rained out. The schedule saw the team head to Portsmouth, Norfolk, Richmond, Princeton, New Haven, and Springfield, with no games played at all in the Boston area prior to the season.

The Beaneaters finished in fifth place.

1896

There wasn’t a chance the team was going anywhere other than Charlottesville in 1896. In speaking with Joe Kelley of the Baltimore team, Tim Murnane wrote, “The Boston brotherhood team was the first to go there, as the university of Virginia was the only college team at that time who would take a chance to play a brotherhood club, owing to the national agreement. That team won the pennant.

Manager Selee told Tim Murnane, “The next season the Boston association club went to Charlottesville and won the championship. Then for two years I took the league team to that place for spring practice, and each year we pulled off the pennant. Ed Hanlon got in ahead of me for 1894, and Baltimore got their practice there and won the championship.

“Last season none of the clubs visited this southern practice grounds and Baltimore won the flag. I went down there at the close of the season last year and made all my arrangements for grounds and hotels. And this spring the boys will start in for the championship from the old lucky starting place.”33

A new pattern was being set for spring training. Every National League club except Washington was planning to go south – Jacksonville, New Orleans, Hot Springs, and Galveston among the destinations.

The Beaneaters planned to play the university nine, then have games against Richmond, Portsmouth, and Norfolk, head north via Princeton, and then play a number of games – mostly in in New England – at Fall River, Paterson (New Jersey), Melrose, Bridgeport, Derby (for “Harry Wright Day” on April 13), Newton, Providence, Brockton, Middletown, and Newport before heading south via Wilmington and opening the regular season in Philadelphia.

Their first workout had been on March 20 and the lack of a trainer or physical therapist was noted. “A mistake was made in not following the example of other league clubs in having a man accompany a team to rub the pitchers down, and attend to their wants. This has got to be a necessary thing nowadays. So much depends upon the pitchers that they should be surrounded with every convenience, and no greater convenience can be found than one of these ‘rubbers.’ The Philadelphias, the Brooklyns, and the New Yorks all have such men with them on their southern trips. A pitcher cannot look out for himself as a rubber can, and the expense of carrying such a man is a trifle compared with the results achieved.”34

The university team had been working out for more than a month and put up a good showing in the first game of Boston’s spring, a 12-7 win for the professionals. Hugh Duffy’s team of regulars beat the second-string Roustabouts, 22-1, in a six-inning March 26 game umpired by Selee.

If Charlottesville was meant to ensure good luck, it didn’t take; the Beaneaters finished fourth. They’d actually been shut out in Norfolk, 5-0, but after just six innings when the local umpire hurriedly called off the game because of what had reportedly been only a very few raindrops.35 The Beaneaters’ record of 74-57-1 saw them 17 games behind the first-place Baltimore Orioles.

1897

The plan was to train at Augusta, Georgia, in 1897 but Selee found that the Philadelphia team had secured an option there before he could act. He held one himself for the grounds at Hot Springs. The deal he ultimately signed, however, put the team in Savannah.36 This year, they took a boat south, departing from Lewis Wharf, Boston, on March 18 on the Nacoochee. They arrived on the 21st, several of them having been quite ill from seasickness on the voyage south, including manager Selee.37 Despite damp and cold conditions endured by some at the team hotel, by the time they arrived in Charleston on April 4, they were reportedly in good condition.

Stops included Norfolk, Richmond, Princeton (a close 3-2 win), Elizabeth, Middletown, a two-game day with games at Winsted and Torrington (both in Connecticut), and Springfield.

Boston reclaimed its place atop league standings with a record of 93-39 (with three tie games).

1898

Greensboro, North Carolina, was the choice for 1898, the selection made on January 25. The team planned to play five intrasquad games and then begin to take on opponents. Boston was the last of the 12 teams to head south, and it was a quirk of the contracts at the time that they were dated to be effective as of April 15, so there was no way to insist that players report before that date.38 Fortunately, most of them wanted to get in shape and hone their skills.

On March 23 the Yannigans beat the Regulars by an astounding 15-3. The next day Boston beat Augusta, 18-3, in four innings before the rains came. They played an intrasquad game at Winston-Salem on March 26. There was rain on the 29th and 30th. There was an intrasquad game at Danville on April 1. Rain prevented a game against the university team at Charlottesville. They won a 10-inning game against Richmond, 8-7, on April 8.

The Lancaster, Pennsylvania, team beat the Beaneaters 7-3 on April 12. While stopping at York the night before, Billy Hamilton gave his opinion on spring training: “Spring training is only valuable to me so far as it enables me to cultivate my batting eye. If a man takes good care of himself during the winter he is ready in a jiffy to field, but it takes time to get back your batting skill. I never hit hard at the ball in the spring, and I think it a mistake to swing too hard in the beginning. I take things easy and work myself by degrees to the proper point. All I want to do is to satisfy myself that I can meet the ball just right. Our players are all right as far as fielding is concerned, but we need batting practice badly, and I hope we will get it in these games with the Pennsylvania clubs.”39

The schedule was a longer one. The Beaneaters placed first, with 102 wins against 47 losses. There were again three tie games.

1899

Seemingly never content to train in the same place twice, the Beaneaters chose Durham, North Carolina, as their springtime home in 1899. The team offered $35 a week, plus expenses, to entice players to come for training, and once again were one of the last teams to head south, but the enticements were not enough and a number of players – some of whom had other business interests – elected to report later.40 

On Sunday, March 27, after most of the players attended church in one part of town or another, they left at 2:30 P.M. for a five-mile hike and jog. Selee stuck to his guns; he “never allows his men to do gymnasium work of any kind, maintaining that the only place a player can get into proper condition is in open air. … There are fine baths at the college gymnasium here, but Selee refused to allow his players to go near the institution.”41 They played Trinity College at Durham (and won by scores of  11-4, 17-4, and 20-1), and had been planning to play the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, but after a few days of rain decided to cancel the visit, Selee seeing “the long drive over a waste of time.”42 They beat Norfolk, 11-0, but then heavy rain prevented a game in Richmond. They had gotten in their work, though, and on April 15 were in Brooklyn for the start of the 1899 season. The Beaneaters won that game, 1-0, in 11 innings.  The Brooklyn Superbas got their revenge, however, and beat out Boston for the pennant, an eight-game margin separating the first- and second-place teams.

Bostons in Training

We add here a first-person account of the Beaneaters during spring training 1899.

Bostons in Training at Durham NC

From the Boston Journal of April 23, 1899

It is interesting to note the methods of different ballplayers in the preliminary spring practice. The veteran, confident in his prowess, begins very slowly, while the colt, ambitious to show his mettle, starts off at a much more rapid gait. The veteran nurses himself along, the colt often has to do some serious nursing afterward, because he did not use his muscles cautiously at the start.

A staff correspondent of the Journal accompanied the Bostons South this spring and remained with them during their stay at Durham N.C. The merits of any place as a training ground for ball players are so dependent on the weather that a place which might be decided a failure one year would be a success the next. Judging solely on results Durham was a success, for certainly the Bostons never started North after two weeks’ limbering up in such splendid physical condition. This state of affairs would not have been predicted at the close of the first week at Durham. It rained four days of that week, and what was equally discouraging was the absence of about a third of the players. Then came the reaction. The weather improved and the belated players began to report, and most of them showed that they had already been doing some work, so that they would soon be on a par with the first comers.

Frank Selee was so well pleased with the results attained that he asked for a refusal of the grounds at Trinity Park for next spring. The weather at Durham was tempered just enough with the cool breezes of the north to make the players go slowly in practice. Manager Selee contends that so long as the weather is sufficiently warm to permit the playing of base ball without discomfort it is better to train his men somewhere in the Middle South than to take them far South. They are then less likely to be affected by the changed conditions once they come North.

There was one drawback about the college ball grounds at Trinity Park. It had a “skin” diamond, an in fact there was not a blade of grass in the entire area. The soil was a mixture of sand and clay which was either heavy and muddy or hard, almost flinty, in the infield so that the ball was soon fuzzy or “wingey” as the ball players term it. A ball in this condition is extremely difficult to throw. It is heavy and does not carry well. For this reason the Bostons favored their arms and trained their eyes, both on the field and at the bat. Their heavy hitting in the games following their departure from Durham proved the wisdom of their judgment.

There was one feature of the sojourn. It could be declared a success in point of comfort. The ban of the ball players’ visits South have been the hotels. The players found the Carrolina Hotel very much to their liking. Manager Selee had looked the ground over last December, a precaution which past experience had made necessary.

The daily routine of the players in training varied according to the weather. They rose at 8 o’clock each morning and at 10 started for the grounds, a mile and a half away, on foot and dressed for play. On the first day the morning practice did not last much more than half an hour, but this time was gradually extended to an hour and a half and more. A fast walk or slow jog back to the hotel followed this warming-up. Then a bath and a rubdown found the player very nearly ready for lunch. At 2:30 in the afternoon the morning program was repeated, except that often, instead of practice, there was a game with the Trinity College nine. Some days the condition did not favor playing at Trinity Park, especially in the first week, and on these days Manager Selee led his men in long walks across the country or along the road towards Chapel Hill. The genial manager often set the pace and always proved to be a stayer.

The Journal correspondent took with him to Durnam a camera that had seen service in Cuba. He had never snapped a kodak in his life and he had about as much knowledge of its working as the average citizen has of the partition of China. He had been told not to face the sun, and to do several things in sequence. In his innocence he attempted to take snap shots of the players in rapid action. He had been told that if someone had snapped a camera on him when he was scurrying after a fielder who was either running down a grounder or chasing a fly the Journal might now publish a series of comic pictures worthy of our funniest weeklies.  The Journal man “got in” a little training on his own account shooting his camera at fleet-footed ball players, and he flatters himself that, whatever his failures artistically, his aim was good. The picture of Duffy catching a line fly was taken under hazardous conditions. The camera fiend thought he saw a good opportunity to catch Boston’s “Little Corporal” when Klobedanz lined out a fly. The fellow with the kodak tried to judge a fly and adjust his camera at the same time. The scene must have been ludicrous, for at the time the camera was snapped the Journal man was running backward as fast as he could move his legs in order to avoid a collision.

The pictures of Lowe and Frisbie at second, of Klobedanz in the box in a game and of manager Selee and others at the players’ bench were taken by Mr. George R. King, a well-known expert photographer of this city who was in Durham during the second week of the Bostons’ stay there. None of the parties in the Selee group knew they were being photographed, so that the Boston Manager’s appearance with a catcher’s mitt on his left hand and a seater tied around his neck was not improvised for the occasion.

If the players had any one object to Durham as a place of training, it was its lack of opportunity for amusement during the leisure hours. Time dragged heavily, especially at night. There were practically no public amusements. There was little to do other than sit about the hotel, to read or to write letters. There was not a billiard table in town, so far as the players could discover. There were several pool tables and a nickel-in-the-slot machine which proved a better winner than several players who stacked up against it. The Carrolina (by the way this spelling with two r’s is correct, as the name is a combination, the owners name and the name of the State) had no billiard or pool room and no bar. It was therefore difficult for the boys to go wrong. As Manager Selee expressed it, there was nothing to do but tend strictly to business. A visit to one of the leading factories was very interesting and Uncle Moses Hester’s sermon to some of the players on Easter Sunday was almost as a minstrel show but a darky cake walk in a dimly-lighted tobacco warehouse was disappointing as a disturbing element interfered every time the walkers made a beginning. George Yeager discovered a boot black who could execute a buck and wing dance and George billed him for a number of matinees on the hotel piazza. If the Bostons go to Durham next spring Manager Selee will have to manufacture diversions to keep his men from being homesick.

Note: On the following page, the Journal printed a full page of photographs.

BILL NOWLIN has been eating Boston baked beans ever since he can remember. It’s still a frequent staple with home-grilled hot dogs. His preferred brand is B&M, from the can. A native of Boston, living in Cambridge, he is one of the founders of Rounder Records and has also written or edited numerous books about baseball. He has been on the Board of Directors of SABR since 2004.

 

Notes

1 springtrainingonline.com/features/history.htm.

2 T.H. Murnane, “Wings on a Ball,” Boston Globe, March 25, 1890: 5.

3 “Twelve to One,” Boston Globe, April 2, 1890: 2.

4 “Champions Going South,” Boston Globe, February 11, 1892: 2.

5 “Bostons Play a Fine Game,” Boston Herald, April 2, 1890: 2.

6 “Signs of the Season,” Boston Herald, February 16, 1890: 16.

7 “Boston Base Ball Club,” Boston Journal, March 18, 1890: 1.

8 “Bostons Play a Fine Game.”

9 For more on Fast Day, see Joanne Hulbert, “Fast Day – Boston’s Original Opening Day,” in Bob LeMoine and Bill Nowlin, eds., Boston’s First Nine: The 1871-75 Boston Red Stockings (Phoenix: SABR, 2016), 196-199. It was traditionally observed on the first Thursday of April.

10 “Boston’s Seventeen,” The Sun (Baltimore), April 10, 1890: Supplement 2.

11 “Sporting Scraps,” Daily Inter Ocean (Chicago), February 20, 1891: 6.

12 “Will Not Go South,” Boston Journal, March 27, 1891: 4.

13 “Stricker Has the ‘Grippe,’” Boston Herald, March 29, 1891: 2.

14 “The Boston N.L. Nine to Play Harvard,” Boston Daily Advertiser, February 26, 1891: 8.

15 “Spring Games of the League Nine,” Boston Herald, April 4, 1891: 10.

16 “Champions Going South.”

17 T.H. Murnane, “Champions Go South,” Boston Globe, March 23, 1892: 10.

18 “The Champions in Training,” Boston Herald, March 26, 1892: 10.

19 “Coming of the Champions,” Boston Herald, March 29, 1893: 2.

20 “Yale Played Well,” Boston Daily Advertiser, April 11, 1893: 8.

21 “Just Play for the Bostons,” Boston Herald, April 16, 1893: 6.

22 “Ordered to Report,” Boston Globe, March 18, 1894: 10.

23 “Look Well and Strong,” Boston Globe, April 3, 1894: 5.

24 “Base Ball Notes,” Boston Globe, April 4, 1894: 2.

25 “Champions Caught Napping,” Boston Herald, April 7, 1894: 7.

26 “Games in the South Missed,” Boston Herald, April 9, 1894: 8.

27 “Canceled Both Games,” Boston Globe, April 12, 1894: 2.

28 “Champions Play in Springfield,” Boston Herald, April 15, 1894: 4.

29 T.H. Murnane, “Boston Going South,” Boston Globe, March 10, 1895: 24.

30 “Own the Town,” Boston Globe, March 29, 1895: 2.

31 “Regular Ice-Water Pitchers,” Boston Herald, March 28, 1895: 3.

32 “Bostons in Dixie’s Land,” Boston Journal, April 1, 1895: 8.

33 T.H. Murnane, “Signing Champions,” Boston Globe, February 9, 1896: 17.

34 “Bostons Take the Field,” Boston Herald, March 21, 1896: 12.

35 T.H. Murnane, “Tell It Softly!” Boston Globe, April 7, 1896: 2. Selee later hired a “female massage operator” to work on the pitchers’ arms. See “Base Ball Notes,” Wilkes-Barre Times, April 3, 1896: 5.

36 “Sure of Grounds,” Boston Globe, January 22, 1897: 10.

37 “Arrive Alive,” Boston Globe, March 22, 1897: 3.

38 “Warmer Climate,” Boston Globe, March 20, 1898: 17.

39 “Boston Nine in Good Trim,” Boston Herald, April 11, 1898: 10.

40 T.H.M., “Avoid the South,” Boston Globe, March 20, 1899: 9.

41 “No Gymnasium Work Allowed,” Pawtucket Times, March 27, 1899: 2.

42 “Boston’s First,” Boston Globe, April 1, 1899: 2.