Ten Little-Known Indians Relievers
This article was written by Wayne M. Towers
This article was published in The National Pastime: Baseball on Lake Erie (2026)
In five years with Cleveland, Ray Narleski racked up 53 saves, eighth on the team’s all-time list. (SABR-Rucker Archive)
Tales of batting heroics are widespread while tales of relief heroics much less so, partly because in batting heroics, something happens, from walk-offs to incipient rallies. In relief heroics, nothing happens: No runs, no hits, no errors. Batting is drama, relieving is trauma (depending on whose side you are on). Consequently, good relieving is much more likely to be ignored than good hitting, leaving many relievers out of the limelight.
Like many franchises, Cleveland has its share of quality but largely undervalued relievers. To redress this imbalance, although far from comprehensive, their Top Ten leaders in career saves through 2025 provided a good place to start.1
Reliever Emmanuel Clase, who joined the team in 2021, the year before the Indians changed their name to the Guardians, leads the list with 181 saves, marking the dawn of a new franchise nickname and closing the book on the old one.2,3,4
The two relievers who are likely best-known from the past are tales of good news and bad news. The good news was Ray Narleski. During his time in Cleveland (1954-58), he contributed 53 saves—eighth on the Indians’ list—and was a jewel in the crown of the legendary 111-win 1954 team. That year, veteran starters Bob Lemon (23 wins), Early Wynn (23), Mike Garcia (19), and Art Houtteman (15) combined for 80 wins, while fading veterans Bob Feller (13) and Hal Newhouser (7) ran the total up to an even 100. Newhouser also added seven saves as a bullpen long man. The win total was upped to 109 by a rookie bullpen duo of fire-balling right-hander Narleski (3) and curve-balling left-hander Don Mossi (6), who also added thirteen and seven saves respectively.5 Unheralded as 1954 rookies, they became recognized as one of the more formidable lefty-righty bullpens in baseball history.6’7 Approximately the same height (6’1”), the “Gold Dust” or “Toss Out Twins” (or “Tremendous Two”) were not only rookies together, they also roomed together, pitched in an identical 224 games each over five years for Cleveland, and were even traded to Detroit in 1959 together.8
The bad news was the tragic death in a boating accident of Steve Olin (48 saves from 1989-92, all with Cleveland) on March 22, 1993, during Spring Training.9 Olin, 11th on the team list, was only beginning to hit his stride in 1992 with 29 saves and eight wins against five losses.10 Olin died instantly, but his companion Tim Crews, who had been recently acquired to add a veteran presence to the bullpen, died the next day.11 A third companion, Bob Ojeda, a newly acquired veteran starter, survived with severe head injuries. After surgeries and extensive therapy, Ojeda rejoined the team on August 7, 1993, to finish the season with two wins and a loss in nine games, and retired the next year after pitching just three innings for the 1994 Yankees.12 Forecast as long shots to contend, the 1993 Indians team staggered through the season, but tragedy was not finished with the team that year.13 In November 1993, promising lefty Cliff Young died in an automobile accident, further depleting the potential of the 1994 pitching staff.14 The 1994 team reset, then reached the World Series in 1995.15
Indians reliever Steve Olin tragically died in a boating accident in March 1993 along with one of his teammates, Tim Crews. Their third companion, Bob Ojeda, survived with severe head injuries, and would return in August to finish the season. (Wikimedia Commons)
Returning to upbeat stories, Cleveland fans witnessed parts of the careers of two relievers with 300-plus career saves. Only six relievers achieved at least 300 saves with a single team.16 In Cleveland, Doug Jones rode a masterful change-up to 129 saves with Cleveland, third on the team list.17 Then Jose Mesa (who was originally a starting pitcher before being converted to a reliever) brought 104 saves, fifth on the team list, to the shores of Lake Erie from 1992-98 as part of reaching the 1995, 1996, and 1997 AL postseasons, only to have his Cleveland reputation tarnished by blown saves in elimination games in the 1996 ALDS and the 1997 World Series.18
Three additional relievers got at least 100 saves each during the jubilant 1990s, struggling 2000s, and contending 2010s.19 Called an industrial strength closer, Cody Allen earned 149 of his 153 saves with Cleveland from 2012-18, finishing up as the all-time Indians saves leader.20 Bob Wickman, who attributed his effective sinkerball to losing the first joint of the index finger on his pitching hand in a childhood farming accident, added 139 saves from 2000-06, for first on the team list at the time (now currently third), and achieved the rare distinction of retiring the side on three pitches—twice.21 Chris Perez, the closer in Cleveland’s “Bullpen Mafia,” completed the trio with 124 saves from 2009-13, despite acerbic relations with fans, opponents, managers, ownership, and even the Cleveland Browns football team. He also failed two drug tests, the second of which resulted in a 50-game suspension.22 Only Allen competed for a pennant-winner, in 2016.23
The relievers rounding out the top ten, also mainly during the 1990s-2010s, were unheralded.24 Mike Jackson, who managed 94 Cleveland saves from 1997-99, seventh on the team list. Steady and reliable, Joe Borowski provided 51 saves, tenth on the team list.25 The lone southpaw, Brad Hand, a Minnesotan with a steady temperament and a non-traditional pregame look of sunglasses, cutoff jersey, and cap turned backwards, added 58, eighth all time.26 Only Jackson played for a pennant-winner, joining Jose Mesa in 1997 by becoming a co-closer after over a decade as a set-up man.27
Overall, career saves represented only the tip of the iceberg. They lacked the richness of biographies and anecdotes, but did provide some preliminary road mapping. Eventually, younger Guardians relievers will gradually squeeze out the Indians relievers, but they will be Guardians, not Indians.
WAYNE TOWERS is a retired Sea World San Diego education specialist and retired college professor and administrator. He also worked as a data analyst for The Oklahoman and Oklahoma Daily Times daily newspaper and for multiple business and marketing research firms. His published work includes “World Series Coverage in the 1920s” (Journalism Monographs).
Notes
1. “Cleveland Guardians Top 50 Career Pitching Leaders: Saves,” https://www.baseball-reference.com/teams/CLE/leaders_ pitch_50.shtml. Accessed July 4, 2026.
2. “Cleveland Guardians,” BR Bullpen, http://www.baseball-reference.com/bullpen/Cleveland_Guardians. “Cleveland Guardians Team History & Encyclopedia,” https://baseball-reference.com/teams/CLE. Martin Gitlin, Ultimate Cleveland Indians Time Machine Book (Lyons Press, 2019), 205-8. Roger Gordon, “2020s,” Cleveland Guardians A-Z (Lyons Press, 2025), 30. Gigi Romano, From Spiders to Guardians (Lightning Source, 2025), 131, 135-36, 145-47, 149-50, 156-59. Phil Trexler, Cleveland Indians (Westside Publishing, 2009), 58. Joe Tischler, Cleveland Guardians (Creative Education and Creative Paperbacks, 2024), 11. All websites accessed July 4, 2026.
3. “Cleveland Pitcher Emmanuel Clase Pleads Not Guilty to Federal Charges Alleging He Rigged Pitches,” CNN Sports, https://www.cnn.com/2025/11/13/sport/baseball-mlb-clase-ortiz-plead-not-guilty-gambling. Michael Baumann, “Emmanuel Clase and Luis Ortiz Face Federal Indictment,” FanGraphs, http://blogs.fangraphs.com/emmanuel-clase-and-luis-ortiz-face-federal-indictment/. Gordon, “Emmanuel Clase,” 60. Matt Johnson, “MLB News: Guardians Emmanuel Clase Accused of Rigging Pitches in Dozens of Games,” Newsbreak, https://www.newsbreak.com/sportsnaut-509592/4480283390355-mlb-ne…ns-emmanuel-clase-accused-of-rigging-pitches-in-dozens-of-games. Ryan Lewis, “Guardians Pitchers Emmanuel Clase and Luis Ortiz Indicted as Part of Gambling Probe,” Akron Beacon Journal, https://beaconjournal.com/story/sports/mlb/cleveland-guardians/20…-luis-ortiz-mlb-gambling-investigation-indictment-arrest/87183932007. “MLB Pitchers Emmanuel Clase and Luis Ortiz Charged with Taking Bribes to Rig Pitches,” NPR, https://www.npr.org/2025/11/09/nx-s1-5603653/baseball-cleveland-guardians-pitchers-bribes-charged-gambling. Quincy Wheeler, “Emmanuel Clase and Luis Ortiz Will Never Play in MLB Again,” Covering the Corner, https://www.coveringthecorner.com/cleveland-indians-news/63799/Emmanuel-clase-and-luis-ortiz-will-never-play-in-mlb-again. Charlie Wright, “Emmanuel Clase, Luis Ortiz Indicted on Gambling Charges,” MLB Trade Rumors, November 11, 2025, https://www.mlbtraderumors.com/2025/11/emmanuel-clase-luis-ortiz-indicted-on-gambling-charges.html. All websites accessed July 6, 2026.
4. Player data from Baseball-Reference.com unless otherwise noted.
5. “1954 Cleveland Indians Statistics,” http://www.baseball-reference.com/teams/CLE/1954.shtml. “Jay Becker,” Baseball Digest, January-February 2017, 7. “John Carson,” Baseball Digest, February 1979, 10. Warren Corbett, “Art Houtteman,” SABR BioProject, https://sabr.org/bioproj/person/art-houtteman/. Warren Corbett, “Art Houtteman” in Pitching to the Pennant: The 1954 Cleveland Indians, ed. Joseph Wancho (University of Nebraska Press, 2014), 265. Gordon, “Art Houtteman,” Cleveland Guardians A-Z, 94. Stan Grosshandler, “‘54 Indians: Their Pitching Staff Was One of the Best Ever,” Baseball Digest, May 1994, 58. “John H. Hall, Jr.,” Baseball Digest, April 1993, 12. Monte Irvin, “The Game I’ll Never Forget,” Baseball Digest, May 1973, 64. John Kuenster, “Team Balance Helped Yankees Dominate ‘98 Regular Season Play,” Baseball Digest, November 1998, 20. Franklin Lewis, “Cleveland’s Fading Big Three,” Baseball Digest, April 1956, 39. Lee Pacini, “How to Rare Efficiency of Pitching Staffs,” Baseball Digest, November 1971, 93,95. “Ray Narleski Stats and Facts,” This Day in Baseball, https://thisdayinbaseball.com/ray-narleski-page/. Francis Rosa, “Why the Red Sox Passed Up Al Kaline,” Baseball Digest, February 1971, 54. Ed Rumill, “All-Time Best Pitching Staff?,” Baseball Digest, October 1970, 86-87. Francis Stann, “20-Game Winners Don’t Always Assure Pennant,” Baseball Digest, December 1970, 23. Mark Stewart, “Hal Newhouser,” SABR BioProject, https://sabr.org/bioproj/person/hal-newhouser/. Mark Stewart, “Hal Newhouser” in Pitching to the Pennant: The 1954 Cleveland Indians, ed. Joseph Wancho (University of Nebraska Press, 2014), 219. Tischler, 14. Trexler, 60. Joseph Wancho, “Ray Narleski,” SABR BioProject, sabr.org/bioproj/person/ray-narleski/. Joseph Wancho, “Ray Narleski” in Pitching to the Pennant: The 1954 Cleveland Indians, ed. Joseph Wancho (University of Nebraska Press, 2014), 117-18. Rich Wescott, “Al Lopez: He Excelled as a Player and Manager,” Baseball Digest, February 1988, 83. Larry Whiteside, “‘54 Indians: The AL’s Winningest Team Ever,” Baseball Digest, March 1979, 80. Clay Woody, “A Difference of 200 Feet Highlighted the ‘54 Fall Classic,” Baseball Digest, October 1992, 24. All websites accessed July 4, 2026.
6. Ed Pollock, “Rookie Hurlers Win Big League Berths in Minors: Tebbets,” Baseball Digest, June 1955, 87. Mark Stewart, “Don Mossi,” SABR BioProject, sabr.org/bioproj/person/Don-Mossi/. Wancho, “Ray Narleski,” SABR BioProject.
7. “Lyle W. Akam,” Baseball Digest, September 1975, 14. Joe Goddard, “The Best Middle Relievers,” Baseball Digest, Annual Guide 1988, 18. Hal Lebovitz, “Cleveland’s Double Shotgun,” Baseball Digest, October 1955, 74. “Ray Narleski,” Grokipedia, https://grokipedia.com/page/ray_narleski. Mark Stewart, “Don Mossi,” SABR BioProject. Mark Stewart, “Don Mossi” in Pitching to the Pennant: The 1954 Cleveland Indians (University of Nebraska Press, 2014), ed. Joseph Wancho (University of Nebraska Press, 2014), 55. George Vass, “Best Bullpens in the Majors,” Baseball Digest, May 1974, 26. Accessed July 5, 2026.
8. Gordon Cobbledick, “Ace Firemen Make Managers Smart,” Baseball Digest, September 1956, 29-30. Bob Du Vall, “Whatever Became of—?,” Baseball Digest, May 1972, 66, Gordon, “Don Mossi,” 123. Gordon, “Ray Narleski,” 125. “Ray Narleski,” NJSports.com, https://njsportsheroes.com/raynarleskibb.html. Lebovitz, 73-86. Stewart, “Don Mossi,” SABR BioProject. Mark Stewart, “Don Mossi,” Pitching to the Pennant, 57-59. Wancho, “Ray Narleski,” SABR BioProject. Wancho, “Ray Narleski,” Pitching to the Pennant, 117-20. Accessed July 5, 2026.
9. Bob Broeg, “Fatal Tragedies to Players Are Part of Game’s History,” Baseball Digest, July 1993, 58. Jim Donovan, “30 Years Later: Jim Donovan Looks Back on the Tragic Deaths of Cleveland Indians Pitchers Steve Olin and Tim Crews,” Jimmy’s Take, https://www.wkyc.com/video/sports/30-years-later-jim-donovan-looks-back-on-the-tragic-deaths-of-cleveland-indians-pitchers-steve-olin-and-tim-crews/95-fe1e775b-25c0-4748-a0a3-fd6f245f5d78. Andrew Harner, “Cleveland Indians Return to Baseball After Deaths of Steve, Olin, Tim Crews,” SABR Games Project, sabr.org/gamesproj/game/march-25-1993-cleveland-indians-return-to-baseball-after-deaths-of-steve-olin-tim-crews/. Pappas, 111-13. Wayne Stewart, “Here’s Month-byMonth Recap of ‘93 Major League Season,” Baseball Digest, February 1994, 67. Trexler, 98. George Vass, “How Division Races Shape Up for the 1993 Season,” Baseball Digest, April 1993, 19, 32. Websites accessed July 5, 2026.
10. “Deaths of Former Major League Players, Managers, Scouts, Umpires and Executives,” Baseball Digest, April 1994, 52. “Deaths of Some Major League Players Who Were Still Active,” Baseball Digest, March-April 2010, 37. Gordon, “Steve Olin,” 130. Zack Meisel, Cleveland Rocked (Chicago: Triumph Books, 2021), 134. “Edgardo Nieves-Mieles,” Baseball Digest, September 1998, 13. Joe Noga and Paul Hoynes, “Steve Olin Remembered in Cleveland for His Unique Delivery, Tragic Death: Podcast,” Cleveland.com, https://www.cleveland.com/guardians/2022/02/steve-olin-remembered-in-cleveland-for-his-unique-delivery-tragic-death-podcast.html. Joseph Wancho, “Steve Olin,” SABR BioProject, sabr.org/bioproj/person/steve-olin/. Websites accessed July 5, 2026.
11. Bob Broeg, “Fatal Tragedies to Players Are Part of Game’s History,” 59. “Deaths of Former Major League Players, Managers, Scouts, Umpires and Executives,” 52. “Deaths of Some Major League Players Who Were Still Active,” 37. Wayne Stewart, “Managers’ Hopes in Spring Are Often Rudely Demolished,” Baseball Digest, March 1994, 66.
12. Alan Cohen, “Bob Ojeda,” SABR BioProject, sabr.org/bioproj/person/Bob-Ojeda/. Donovan, “30 Years later: Jim Donovan Looks Back on the Tragic Deaths of Cleveland Indians Pitchers Steve Olin and Tim Crews.” Pappas, A Tribe Reborn, 116. Stewart, “Here’s Month-by-Month Recap of ‘93 Major League Season,” 73. George Vass, “Here Are the Prime Comeback Candidates for ‘94 Season,” Baseball Digest, May 1994, 30-31. Vass, “How Division Races Shape Up for the 1993 Season,” 19. Wancho, “Steve Olin,” SABR BioProject.
13. Steve Aschburner, “Indians, Mariners, Rangers: Still Chasing Division Title,” Baseball Digest, September 1993, 69-70. Meisel, Cleveland Rocked, 134-136. Pappas, 116. Vass, “How Division Races Shape Up for the 1993 Season,” 19.
14. Donovan, “30 Years Later: Jim Donovan Looks Back on the Tragic Deaths of Cleveland Indians Pitchers Steve Olin and Tim Crews.” Harner, “Cleveland Indians Return to Baseball After Deaths of Steve Olin, Tim Crews.” “Tragedy Strikes Again for Indians: Truck Driven by Former Angel Cliff Young Crashes into Tree, Killing Him Instantly,” Los Angeles Times, November 6, 1993, https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1993-11-06-sp-53892-story.html. Accessed July 5, 2026.
15. George Vass, “Here’s How the Pennant Races Shape Up for ‘94 Season,” Baseball Digest, April 1994, 20-21, 37, 39.
16. The six relievers with 300-plus career saves for a single team through 2025: Mariano Rivera (652:1995-2013; all with NY Yankees); Trevor Hoffman (601: 1993-2010; with SD Padres: 552: 1993-2008); [Active] Kenley Jansen ([476]: 2010-[2025]; with LA Dodgers 350: 2010-2021); Dennis Eckersley (390: 1975-1998; with Oakland A’s: 320: 1987-95) Troy Percival (358: 1995-2009; with LA Angels: 316: 1995-2004); and, Jeff Montgomery (304: 1987-1999; all with KC Royals).
17. Gordon, “Doug Jones,” 99. Richard Riis, “Doug Jones,” SABR BioProject, sabr.org/bioproj/person/doug-jones/. Accessed July 5, 2026.
18. “1995 Cleveland Indians Statistics,” http://www.baseball-reference.com/teams/CLE/1995.shtml. “1997 Cleveland Indians Statistics,” https://www.baseball-reference.com/teams/CLE/1997.shtml. Gordon, “Jose Mesa,” 119. Jason Lukehart, “Jose Mesa’s 1995 Was the Best Season Any Cleveland Indians Reliever Has Ever Had,” Covering the Corner, https://www.coveringthecorner.com/2015/8/27/9213539/jose-mesa-news-cleveland-indians-closer-1995. Meisel, Cleveland Rocked, 75-76,79. Zack Meisel, “Introducing the Cleveland Baseball Countdown: No. 30, Jose Mesa,” The Athletic, https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/ 3033825/2022/01/12/introducing-the-cleveland-baseball-countdown-no-30-jose-mesa/. Joe Noga and Paul Hoynes, “Jose Mesa’s Dominance in ‘95 Overshadowed by ‘97 Letdown: Podcast,” The Cleveland Baseball Talk Podcast, https://www.cleveland.com/guardians/2022/02/jose-mesas-dominance-in-95-overshadowed-by-97-letdown-podcast.html. Pappas, 153,195,197, 204-05. Romano, 54, 97-99. Trexler, 104, 111-13, 118. Joseph Wancho, “Jose Mesa,” SABR BioProject, www.sabr.org/ bioproj/person/jose-mesa/. Joseph Wancho, “Jose Mesa” in 1995 Cleveland Indians, ed. Joseph Wancho (Society for American Baseball Research, Inc., 2019), 136-39. Accessed July 5, 2026.
19. Gordon, “2010s,” 27-30. Pappas, A Tribe Reborn, viii, 223. Joseph Wancho, “Introduction,” in 1995 Cleveland Indians, ed. Joseph Wancho (Society for American Baseball Research, Inc., 2019), 5-6.
20. Tyler Carey, “Cody Allen, Cleveland Indians’ All-Time Saves Leader, Retires After 8 MLB Seasons,” WKYC, https://www.wkyc.com/article/ sports/mlb/cody-allen-cleveland-indians-retires/95-e8323214-e073-435b-945c-8aedc20623ac. Gordon, “Cody Allen,” 32. Paul Hoynes, “Close the Door: Cleveland Indians Franchise Leader in Saves, Retires,” https://www.cleveland.com/tribe/2021/02/close-the-door-cody-allen-cleveland-indians-franchise-leader-in-saves-retires.html. Romano, 139. Accessed July 5, 2026.
21. “Bob Wickman,” Grokipedia, https://grokipedia.com/page/Bob_Wickman. “No Game Today, So Let’s Remember a Forgotten Yankee: Bob Wickman,” Reddit, https://www.reddit.com/r/NYYankees/comments/wwgvi4/no_game_today_so_lets_remember_a_forgotten_yankee/, accessed July 5, 2026. “David H. Davis,” Baseball Digest, March—April 2018, 8. Gordon, “Bob Wickman,” 182. “Jimmy Kapadia,” Baseball Digest, December 2005, 12. Trexler, 115, 134.
22. “Former Indians ‘Colorful’ Closer Chris Perez Retires,” Fox Sports, https://www.foxsports.com/stories/mlb/former-indians-colorful-closer-chris-perez-retires. Gordon, “Chris Perez,” 144-45. Paul Hoynes, “2012 American League Division Previews,” Baseball Digest, March-April 2012, 23. Paul Hoynes, “Chris Perez, Former Cleveland Indians Closer, Suspended for Second Positive Test,” Cleveland.com, https://www.cleveland.com/tribe/2015/06/chris-perez-former-cleveland-i.html. “Indians Closer Chris Perez Charged with Drug Possession,” USA Today, https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/mlb/1/01/01/chris-perez-cleveland-indians-marijuana-possession/2400083/. Matt Loede, “Indians Lookback: How Chris Perez Turned His Tribe Closer Experience into a Complex Mix of Emotions,” Sports Illustrated, https://www.si.com/mlb/guardians/onsi/opinion/how-chris-perez-turned-his-develand-tenure-into-a-complex-mix-of-emotions. Matt Lyons, “Former Cleveland Indians Closer Chris Perez Retires,” Covering the Corner, https://www.coveringthecorner.com/2015/8/26/921685/cleveland-indians-chris-perez-retired. Zack Meisel, “The Rise and Fall of Former Cleveland Indians Closer Chris Perez,” Cleveland.com, https://www.cleveland.com/tribe/2015/08/cleveland_indians_chris_perez_9.html. Websites accessed July 5, 2026.
23. “2016 Cleveland Indians Statistics”, http://www.baseball-reference.com/teams/CLE/2016.shtml. Accessed July 5, 2026.
24. Gordon, “Mike Jackson,” 98. Meisel, “Introducing the Cleveland Baseball Countdown: No. 30, Jose Mesa,” “Mike Jackson,” Astros Daily, https://www.astrosdaily.com/players/Jackson_Mike.html. Romano, 97. Trexler, 118, 139. Accessed July 5, 2026.
25. Greg Couch, “Last Three Outs Require Mental Toughness on the Part of a Closer,” Baseball Digest, August 2004, 56. Gordon, “Joe Borowski,” 52. Paul Hoynes, “Under Pressure: It Takes Some Unique Skills to Excel as a Closer,” Baseball Digest, July 2007, 51. “Joe Borowski,” Baseball Biographies, https://www.baseballbiographies.com/joe-borowski-baseball-player-retired-in-2008/. Chris Park, “The Borowski Ultimatum,” Slate, https://www.coveringthecorner.com/2007/1/26/232119/361. Ryan Richards, “Player Profile: Joe Borowski,” Covering the Corner, https://coveringthecorner.com/2007/10/1/26/232119/361. Trexler, Cleveland Indians: Yesterday and Today, 139. Websites accessed July 5, 2026.
26. Jerry Crasnick, “A Steady Hand,” Major League Baseball Players Association, https://www.mlbplayers.com/brad-hand. Cameron Fields, “Cleveland Indian Closer Brad Hand Navigates Baseball’s Late-Inning Stress by Keeping an Even Keel,” Cleveland.com, https://cleveland.com/tribe/2019/07/cleveland-indians-closer-brad-hand-navigates-baseballs-late-inning-stress-by-keeping-an-even-keel.html. Camryn Justice, “Report: Former Indians Closer Brad Hand Headed to Nationals in Free Agency,” News5Cleveland, https://www.news5cleveland.com/sports/report-former-indians-closer-brad-hand-headed-to-nationals-in-free-agency. Websites accessed July 5, 2026.
27. “1997 Cleveland Indians Statistics,” http://www.baseball-reference.com/teams/CLE/1997.shtml.
28. “1948 Cleveland Indians Statistics,” http://www.baseball-reference.com/teams/CLE/1948.shtml, accessed July 5, 2026. Scott H. Longert, Victory on Two Fronts (Ohio University Press, 2022), 270. Pappas, 3.