The Iron-Armed Pitcher, Stanley Coveleski’s Nineteen-Inning Complete-Game Victory

Every season, baseball records are broken. Some, such as Cy Young’s 511 victories and Joe DiMaggio’s 56-game hitting streak, are famous and may never be surpassed. Obscure but nonetheless a candidate for permanence in the record books is a remarkable Cleveland pitching achievement. On May 24, 1918, Stanley Coveleski pitched a complete-game victory-3-2 over the New York Yankees at the Polo Grounds-that went to nineteen innings.

In the early 1960s, Paul Richards, the Baltimore manager, began limiting his starters to a hundred pitches. Before pitch counts, a manager would ask his pitcher, “Are you tired?” As late as 1972, Jon Matlack recalls, the pitcher would never answer affirmatively. “If you could breathe and walk back out there, that was the end of it. “Complete games by pitchers are unusual today, but during the first sixty years of the last century they were not so uncommon. American League pitchers completed as many as 60 percent of their starts in 1918, when Cleveland pitchers Jim Bagby, Guy Morton, and Coveleski were expected to start on three days’ rest and complete their games. Pitchers who worked strictly in relief were rare, although starters often doubled as relievers. In 1917, Bagby led the team with 23 wins in 49 games and threw 321 2/3 innings. Coveleski was right behind with 19 wins in 45 games and 298 1/3 innings pitched.

Many ballplayers of the era could say, “As a kid I always worked.” The Indians battery of Coveleski and catcher Steve O’Neill were from the coal-mining area of eastern Pennsylvania.

Born Stanislaus Kowalewski on July 13, 1889, Coveleski was working in the mine six days a week by the age of twelve, twelve hours a day for $3.75 a week, or about a nickel an hour. His four brothers played baseball. One, Harry, was an effective major-league pitcher before injuring his arm. Playing professional baseball was the brothers’ way out of the mines.

At best, Coveleski was five feet eleven inches tall and weighed 166 pounds, but teammates described him as strong and durable. “I had good control,” he told Larry Ritter years later, “a good curve, a good fast ball and a good slow ball. I was never a strikeout pitcher. Why should I throw eight or nine balls to get a man out when I got away with three or four?”

Except for a five-game trial with the Philadelphia Athletics in 1912, Coveleski seemed destined to be a minor-league pitcher. At Portland in 1915 he learned to throw a spitball that he could control. Covey contended that he went to his mouth on every pitch, but often several innings would pass before he threw a spitter. The threat of his spitball kept the batters guessing.

Hurling 293 innings in 64 games for Portland with an ERA of 2.67 earned him a move to Cleveland, and a thirteen-year career in the major leagues followed. What impressed manager Lee Fohl was Coveleski’s control, probably the best of all the spitball pitchers. In 1916, he walked only 58 hitters in 232 innings.

By May 1918, umpire George Moriarty was calling him the greatest of all the spitball pitchers of the day. Describing him as the only one who could break his spitters high up, Moriarty predicted that Coveleski was going to win a whole lot of ballgames. The umpire added that the high spitball was a fooler because it looked as if it was going to be a ball, and many a batter didn’t figure it could possibly fall in for a strike. Clark Griffith of Washington compared Covey favorably with Ed Walsh as a premier spitball pitcher and added, moreover, that the Cleveland pitcher didn’t need a spitball to be effective.

In 1917 and 1918, for the first time in baseball history, major-league baseball was played during a major war. President Woodrow Wilson, a fan of the game, recommended in 1917 that all “sports” go on as usual. In July, however, the secretary of war ruled that professional ballplayers were not exempt from the war effort, and both leagues voted to end the season a month early, on Labor Day. The 1918 season was shortened to 140 games. All major-league teams lost players to duty in the armed forces or to work in war factories. The three major losses for the 1918 Indians were Ed Klepfer, a 14-game winner in 1917; Joe Harris, the first baseman; and outfielder Elmer Smith.

Week by week in 1917 and 1918, players were leaving their teams. By May 1, 1918, some 560 professional ballplayers were in military service, including 124 American Leaguers and 103 National Leaguers. On May 23, 1918, Provost Marshal General Enoch H. Crowder issued a “work or fight” order compelling all draft-age men to join the military or work in essential industries by July 1. Baseball executives appealed the decision on the basis that actors and opera singers had been deferred for providing essential public entertainment. Why not baseball players too?

Another problem facing baseball players in 1918 was influenza. By the fall, it would be global, the deadliest epidemic in history. At the beginning of the season, the Indians were especially hard-hit by the “grippe.” Twelve Cleveland players were out of action at times early in the season. For the Detroit series in late April, only four Cleveland pitchers were healthy. Coveleski, Bagby, Morton, and Coumbe were required to pitch the entire game no matter how hard they were being hit.

Baseball players were often labeled “loafers” in the newspapers. The Cleveland Press bard “Wampus” commented on July 21, 1918, on the impact the work-or-fight order might have on the ballplayers:

When players work or fight, why say.
Which do you think they’ll choose?
To work for 8 long hours each day
Where they have worked for two?
Or will they take their fling
Upon the line of fire?
And rouse their rage by picturing
The Kaiser an umpire?

The Indians were the 1918 preseason favorite to win the pennant-it would have been their first-with strong competition from Boston, New York, and Washington. The defending world champions, the Chicago White Sox, had several key players who avoided the military draft by choosing to “work” in a hometown industry, where they could play baseball for a company team and receive a handsome salary doing it.

Cleveland had finished third the year before, and most of their key players were back for the new season, led by peerless center fielder Tris Speaker. “The ball club arrived today” was Ed Klepfer’s wry comment when Speaker finally arrived, late, for the 1917 season. The infield defense was sound, with Ray Chapman at shortstop and Bill Wambsganss at second base. Steve O’Neill was a durable catcher for three fine pitchers: Jim Bagby, who had won 23 games; Coveleski, with 19 wins; and Guy Morton, with 10.

The 1917 Indians offense befit the Deadball Era. Leadoff batter Jack Graney was nicknamed “3 & 2 Jack” for his ability to work the count for bases on balls. Ray Chapman led the American League in sacrifice hits, and Speaker hit .352. A typical first inning for the Indians would be a walk to Graney, a sacrifice hit by Chapman, and Speaker’s single or double, scoring Graney.

Home runs were not common in 1917. Wally Pipp led the league with nine, and the Yankees hit 27 of them for the American League team lead. The 1917 Indians had 13 home runs for the season, Graney and Elmer Smith leading the team with three each; Chapman had two.

Coveleski in 1918 would start the first game in about a third of the series, and Lee Fohl, the Indians manager, would often start him in one-game meetings. In Coveleski, Fohl had a stalwart who would take the ball for every start without complaint-someone who nicely fit what has become George E. Phair’s famous description of the Deadball Era pitcher,

The old-fashioned pitcher,
The iron-armed pitcher,
The stout-hearted pitcher
Who finished the game.

At League Park on Opening Day, April 18, 1918, Coveleski won 6-2 over Detroit.

With three days’ rest, on April 22 he defeated visiting St. Louis 8-1 in another complete game. At Detroit on April 27, it took Covey twelve innings to win his third game, 3-2. Ed Cicotte and the White Sox visited League Park and Covey outlasted the Chicago ace, 6-5. Allen Sothoron shut out the Indians in St. Louis on May 5, and the Cleveland ace pitched seven innings and lost his first game of the season, 3-0.

Coveleski renewed his winning ways at Washington with an 8-2 victory on May 10. The next two games he pitched were extra-inning losses. The Athletics defeated the Indians 3-2 in thirteen innings on May 15. Doc Ayers shut out Coveleski and the Indians 1-0 in twelve innings on May 19. The two extra-inning losses suggested a pattern. The perception was that Covey didn’t receive much support from his teammates’ bats. Wampus wrote of the Covey jinx:

Some day when the snow’s on the ground
If Covey will go to the mound
The Jinx that pursues him
May be willing to lose him
And the margin his way may be found.

His fellow players called him “The Silent Pole,” but, when a Press reporter asked Coveleski about a jinx, he was voluble enough. “That kind of luck can’t keep up forever,” he replied, “even though it has lasted a good long time. Things aren’t going my way right now, but I think the breaks of the game are just about due to take a turn in my favor.”

A day after Crowder’s work-or-fight order was issued, the Indians played at the Polo Grounds against the New York Yankees. Boston led the American League with a record of 19-12, and closely bunched behind were the Indians at 17-14, New York at 16-13, St. Louis at 15-13, and Chicago at 14-12.

More than six thousand fans were present for the game, which began at three o’clock. The admission price was fifty cents. The New York Times reported that in the park were “idle rich, idle poor, to say nothing of the idle middle classes.”

Fred Lieb had labeled the 1917 Yankee lineup “Murderers’ Row,” and Wampus was impressed by the 1918 version:

The Yankees are to … take a fling;
Gilhooley’ s first to make the trip,
Then Peck & Baker set the clip
They’re followed up by Pratt & Pipp
Then look who’s here-dawgon,
It’s Ping.

Both the Yankees and the Indians had wartime players in the lineup. However, five of the first six batters in the lineup of the Yankees’ new manager, Miller Huggins, were carryovers from the 1917 team. Frank “Flash” Gilhooley, the right fielder, was a genuine leadoff batter who had been in the major leagues since 1911. The shortstop was Roger Peckinpaugh, who was in his eighth year (his career would go on to span seventeen years) in the major leagues. Born in Wooster, Ohio, Peck had grown up in Cleveland. He began his major league career there but was traded after Ray Chapman beat him out for the shortstop position. A lifetime .259 hitter, Peck improved his fielding from 54 errors in 1917 to 28 in 1918. The next three Yankee batters formed the heart of Murderers’ Row. The best-known player on the team was third baseman Frank “Home Run” Baker, a former Maryland farm boy. He hit only 96 home runs in his thirteen-year career, and it was largely for two timely shots for the Athletics in the 1911 World Series that he earned that nickname. He hit .306 in 1918 and hit six home runs. In 1955, Baker would be inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame.

Almost forgotten today was the excellent second baseman “Del” Pratt, who was playing his first year in New York after six productive years with the Browns. The South Carolinian hit a solid .275 in 126 games during the 1918 season.

The first baseman, Wally Pipp, a Chicago native, studied architecture at the Catholic University of America in Washington, D.C., before entering professional baseball. One of the finest-fielding first baseman of his era, he hit .304 in 1918 and two home runs. Ping Bodie, the right fielder, was the former Francesco Pezzolo, born to Italian immigrants in San Francisco. He became Frank Bodie when the family took their name from Bodie, California, an almost forgotten mining town near the Nevada border. A family friend gave him the nickname “Ping,” according to some sources, although according to others it referred to the sound the ball made off his weighty, 52-ounce bat. Bodie played for nine years (1911-14 and 1917-21) in the major leagues with the White Sox, the A’s, and the Yankees in a career interrupted by World War I. In 1918 he batted .256 and hit three home runs.

The center fielder for the Yankees, Elmer Miller, was from Sandusky, Ohio. In seven years in the major leagues, he played in 413 games and hit .243. In 1918, Miller played in 67 games and matched his lifetime average. The Yankees would use two catchers in the game. James “Truck” Hannah caught the first seven innings. A longtime minor leaguer, Hannah finally reached the big leagues in 1918, appearing in 90 games for the Yankees and batting .220, fifteen points below his average for the three years he played in the major leagues. Catcher Alfred “Roxy” Walters finished the game for New York. A backup catcher, he hit .199 in 64 games in 1918.

The Yankees’ starting pitcher was Allan Russell, whose record in 1918 was 7-11. He was 70-76 over his career, from 1915 through 1925. George Mogridge, the sole relief pitcher to appear in the game, was a six-foot two-inch, 165-pound left-hander who appeared in 45 games, leading the league in 1918. Mogridge started 19 games and went 4-7 in relief. His seven saves in 1918 led the American League. His fifteen-year career in the American League ended in 1927 with a record of 132 wins and 133 losses.

*****

Lee Fohl’s projected 1918 lineup was weakened not only by the loss of players to military service but also by a season-long arm injury to his leadoff batter, Jack Graney, who was limited to 77 games.

Edwin Miller played first base and led off for the Indians that May 24. After playing for the Browns in 1912 and 1914, he was in 32 games for the 1918 Cleveland team and hit .229. The ill-fated shortstop Ray Chapman was in 128 games for the Indians and batted .267. In 1918 Chappie ran the hundred-yard dash in ten seconds. That season he had a career-high on-base percentage of .390 and 28 extra-base hits.

The 1916 league batting champ, Tris Speaker, was in a real slump in 1918, averaging only .290 in mid-June. Spoke raised his average to .318 by the end of the season.

The cleanup batter for the Indians was Robert “Braggo” Roth, who stood at five feet seven inches, weighed 170 pounds, and was a good runner. Famous for his high opinion of his abilities, he would play for as many as six clubs in a career that spanned only eight years. Roth hit .283 in 106 games for the 1918 Indians. Bill Wambsganss, a Cleveland native and the son of a Lutheran minister, was the second baseman. Newspapers often shortened his name to Wamby. Remembered today for his unassisted triple play in the 1920 World Series, in 1918 Wamby hit .295, the highest in his thirteen-year major-league career.

After Speaker, the left fielder, Smoky Joe Wood, was the most famous player in the Cleveland lineup. (See Rick Huhn’s article at page 28.) For the 1912 world champion Boston Red Sox, the twenty-three-year-old right-hander was 34-5 in the regular season and won three more games in the World Series. He injured his arm in 1913, and by 1915 it appeared that Wood’s baseball career was over. After Wood sat out the 1916 season, his best friend in baseball, Speaker, convinced the Indians to buy Wood’s contract from Boston for $15,000. Although his pitching arm never recovered, Smoky Joe made himself into a skilled utility ballplayer. Wampus sang his praises:

Joe Wood plays left, Joe Wood plays right,
and whales the ball with all his might.
Next Joe’s noticed at first base
And plays it like he owned the place;
… And you should see that boy cavort
In nifty style when sent to short;
In center field this Joe de Smoke
Is sure an able sub for Spoke-
But say, do tell us which is which.
Does Joe intend once more to pitch?

No, Wood would remain a utility player. In 1918 he appeared in 119 games for the Indians, hit .296, and led the team with 66 RBIs.

The third baseman on May 24 was Al Halt, a former Federal League player. In his only year in the American League, Halt appeared in 26 games and batted .174. The catcher Steve O’Neill was a tough, durable ballplayer who had a legendary throwing arm and an ability to block pitches in the dirt, and he was a great pitch caller. O’Neill caught 113 games in 1918 and hit .242. In the course of his seventeen years in the major leagues, O’Neill saw a stretch, 1915 through 1923, during which he caught more than a hundred games every year.

The May 24 contest was typical of the Deadball Era. The game was marked by effective pitching and stellar fielding. The Yankees tried to steal three times and were thrown out twice. The Indians attempted four steals and were successful only once. They failed in three sacrifice-bunt attempts. The only Yankee attempt at a sacrifice hit was successful.

In seven of the nineteen innings, Coveleski set down the New York batters in order. Russell retired the side in order only in the first inning, and in Mogridge’ s twelve innings of toil he had six innings of three up and three down. In the long game, the Yankees left 14 men on base to the Indians’ 12.

In the first inning, the Yankees threatened to score. Gilhooley’s hit to third baseman Halt was too hot to handle. Wamby’s spectacular play of a grounder by Peckinpaugh resulted in a force at second. With two out, Halt’s throw of a hit by Pratt was too late to retire Peck. Fortunately, Covey got Pipp to hit back to him to retire the side.

In the third inning, an error by the Yankees resulted in an unearned run for the Indians. With the first two runners on as a result of an infield hit by Halt and a walk to O’Neill, Covey grounded to first base for the first out. Pipp made an errant throw to second, on which Halt scored and O’Neill moved to third base. There was still only one out, but Miller soon grounded out to the pitcher, and Chapman struck out.

O’Neill stole second when his batterymate Coveleski fanned trying to sacrifice in the fifth inning. Ed Miller grounded out to Peckinpaugh, ending the inning.

The sixth inning was promising for Cleveland after Chapman flew to Bodie-Speaker and Roth hit singles. Wamby forced Roth at second, and Speaker was thrown out on an attempted double steal. In the bottom of the same inning, Wamby made a great play to retire Russell. After Gilhooley fouled to Ed Miller, Halt couldn’t field Peck’s drive, and the Yankee shortstop took second on a passed ball by O’Neill. Covey fanned Baker to end the inning.

Solo home runs for both teams marked the seventh inning. Leading off, Wood hit a home run into the left-field bleachers to give the Indians a 2-0 lead. “The ball just scraping over the top of the barricade,” as the New York Times related, “Ping Bodie made a desperate leap for the ball, climbing the fence until he almost touched it. With a soap box to stand on, Ping would have had it.”

The Yankees came back in the bottom of the inning when Bodie hit a home run into the right-field bleachers, A hit by Elmer Miller and a walk to Truck Hannah gave the Yankees a chance for more runs. Ray Caldwell, a good-hitting pitcher, pinch-hit for Russell, and Huggins sent in backup catcher Roxy Walters to run for Hannah. Coveleski ended the threat by striking out Caldwell.

With Mogridge and Walters forming the new Yankee battery, the Indians went quietly in the eighth and ninth innings. It seemed as if the Yankees were going down to a 2-1 defeat when Wally Pipp tripled to center leading off the ninth. The drive scooted past Tris Speaker in center. Bodie promptly tied the score with a sacrifice fly to Braggo Roth. Joe Wood saved the game for Coveleski when he leaped up on the left-field fence and caught Elmer Miller’s drive with one hand. The game went on.

In the tenth inning, Cleveland had two runners on with two out, but Mogridge fanned Ray Chapman. The Indians threatened to take the lead in the eleventh inning when Speaker beat out a high grounder to Baker and cleanup hitter Bobby Roth sacrificed him to second. After Wamby popped to Pipp, Wood was intentionally walked, but Halt flied to center to end the threat.

The Yankees’ Elmer Miller led off in the twelfth with a hit and tried to take second on sore-armed Joe Wood, but he was thrown out. Again in the thirteenth, the New Yorkers were in position to win the game. With two out, Pratt’s single moved Peck to third. The Indians issued an intentional walk to Pipp, loading the bases for Bodie, who had driven in the first two Yankee runs. Coveleski got him to pop to Ed Miller at first. The Times reported that the third out “brought forth the most heartrending groan heard at a ball game in many a year.” The fans’ hope for a hot dinner had long ago faded as the game played on.

The fifteenth inning witnessed another Yankee chance to win and send the fans home happy. Peck walked with one out when Braggo Roth made an outstanding catch of Home Run Baker’s drive to right field. Peck then stole second, but Pratt grounded out Miller, who threw to Coveleski covering first base.

Pipp was at second base in the sixteenth inning after a hit and a Bodie sacrifice, but the next two batters grounded out.

Both teams had good opportunities to end the contest in the seventeenth inning. For the Indians, O’Neill, with two outs, singled to left for his third of four hits in the game. Coveleski then doubled to left-center field, and O’Neill had a good chance to score the go-ahead run when Bodie’ s throw to Peck and the subsequent great throw by the shortstop to Walters caught O’Neill at the plate. The Times described the close play there as putting the Indians “within a sixteenth of an inch of victory.”

Invigorated by the out at the plate, the New Yorkers got Gilhooley to second base after his bunt single and an error by Wamby. Peck hit a liner to Wood for the second out, and Fohl had Baker walked. The two runners were stranded when Pratt flied to Speaker.

By the eighteenth inning, fans began to leave the game, thinking only darkness could end it. Lo and behold, in the nineteenth, Joe Wood, who would hit five home runs all season, smashed his second one of the game with a drive off Mogridge into the left-field stands.

Coveleski trudged out for his nineteenth inning on the mound. He had to face Huggins’s second pinch hitter of the game, Armando Marsans, a Cuban-born outfielder. His at-bat in this game would be his only pinch-hitting appearance that season. Third baseman Halt threw him out at first, and Gilhooley ended the marathon game with a foul ball caught by Steve O’Neill. The game lasted three hours and forty-eight minutes, ending at almost 7P.M.

The Cleveland lineup played the entire nineteen innings. So did the Yankees’ lineup, except for changes at pitcher and catcher and the use of two pinch-hitters.

Coveleski’s complete-game masterpiece was his sixth win of the season, against three losses. Between May 19 and May 25, the workhorse pitcher had thrown 44 innings in three games, within one inning of enough to make for five full nine-inning games squeezed into three.

“The ball players,” the Times reported, “were evidently smarting under the intimation of someone in Washington that they were loafers, so they put in the hardest day’s work noticed in the major leagues this season.” Other games played in the major leagues that year showed that the players could indeed perform a full afternoon of labor for the fan.

That same day, Washington and Detroit competed until dark to a 2-2 tie, while the Reds and Phillies played eleven innings and St. Louis and Brooklyn went twelve. On May 15, nine days before Covey’s nineteen-inning victory, Walter Johnson of Washington and Claude Williams of Chicago both pitched eighteen innings before Johnson finally prevailed 1-0. Later in the season, on August 4, Walter Johnson lost an eighteen-inning complete game to Detroit, 7-6.

In 65 at-bats against the Cleveland pitcher, the Yankees scored two runs on 12 hits. He walked six and struck out four. How many pitches did he throw? We don’t know, but from a couple of data points we can estimate. A baseball statistician has determined that Coveleski threw 101 pitches in nine innings in his Opening Day victory against Detroit. Comparing pitch counts in the 1919 World Series with those of the 1997 World Series, Daniel R. Levitt has concluded that, in the Deadball Era, a pitcher going nine full innings averaged 118 pitches. In his nineteen-inning game, then, Coveleski threw, we might calculate, about 260 pitches, slightly more than four per batter. 

The three Cleveland newspapers lauded Coveleski’s pitching, but the New York Times, with the headline “Home Run by Wood Beats Yanks in the 19th,” awarded the spotlight to Wood. Coveleski was not mentioned until the third paragraph of the article. The Chicago Tribune followed suit, making their headline all about Wood, who “Wins Duel … by His Second Home Run.” The 1912 World Series hero was much better known to the fans than was Coveleski. When Larry Ritter interviewed Wood forty years later, Smoky Joe ended the session with his memories of the May 24, 1918, game.

That was one of the biggest days of my life. The season was pretty young yet and I hadn’t been in the outfield very long. It was up to me to show Lee Fohl I could do the job. But from that day on he knew I could do it, and so did I. And the worst was finally over.

What effect did the nineteen-inning game have on the rest of the season for Coveleski? The next game that he pitched was May 30, and on five days’ rest he defeated Chicago in a complete game. His teammates marveled that Covey could pitch again so soon after five days’ rest, while Walter Johnson needed ten days off after his eighteen-inning shutout on May 15.

Following that victory, Coveleski lost his next four games by scores of 3-2, 1-0, 2-0, and 3-2, and 3-2, receiving only four runs’ support throughout that stretch. The fourth loss was to George Mogridge.

Beginning with his 6-3 win over the Athletics on June 17, Coveleski went 15-6 for the remainder of the war-shortened season. On July 18, he lost 1-0 to Sam Jones and the Boston Red Sox. In the tenth inning, Strunk hit a single and Babe Ruth won the game with a walk-off triple. Ruth hit the ball into the bleachers, but he was given credit for only a triple, since Strunk scored the run needed to win. Otherwise it would have been the Babe’s twelfth home run of the season, an impressive number in the Deadball Era.

Many baseball writers thought that, if the season had not been shortened by a month, the Indians could have caught the Red Sox. Boston finished 76-51 and Cleveland went 73-54. Led by Ruth, Boston went on to win the World Series over the Chicago Cubs.

The game of May 24, 1918, was in most respects a typical Deadball Era contest, but it was won by home runs. Two years later, the old era ended when Babe Ruth hit 54 home runs. Coveleski won 24 games for the pennant-winning Indians and pitched three complete game victories against Brooklyn to give Cleveland its first world championship. “The pressure of baseball never lets up,” the great spitball pitcher told Larry Ritter years later. “Doesn’t matter what you did yesterday. That’s history. It’s tomorrow that counts. So you worry all the time. It never ends. Lord, baseball is a worrying thing.” “Back to the coal mines for you, pal.”

Coveleski proved on May 24, 1918, in the World Series of 1920, and in a great thirteen-year major-league career that he could worry and win all the way to the Baseball Hall of Fame. He was inducted in 1969. 

 

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Gettleson, Leonard. “Iron Man Stunts on the Hurling Mound.” Baseball Magazine, April 1937, 519.

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Levitt, Daniel R. “Pitch Counts.” Baseball Research Journal 29 (January 2000): 46-47.

Lewis, Franklin. The Cleveland Indians. New York: Putnam, 1949.

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Pluto, Terry. “Will Rotation Swing to Tired Arms?” Plain Dealer, February 10, 2008.

Post, Paul. “Pitch Counts: Why Clubs Use Them.” Baseball Digest, June 2007, 20-25.

Ritter, Larry S. The Glory of Their Times: The Story of the Early Days of Baseball Told by the Men Who Played It. New York: Macmillan, 1966.

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